For the most complex tests, children were asked to count phonemes in a word pronounced by a speaker, or replace one of the sounds in a pseudoword.

HSE University researchers have confirmed that the level of phonological processing skills in children can impact their ability to master reading. Complex phonological tests are best suited to detect ...

Phonemes are the building blocks of language. Represented by letters of the alphabet, they are the component sounds of spoken words. Most people automatically hear, for example, that the word ...