Have students look at their Periodic table of energy levels for elements 1–20 distributed in lesson 3. Explain that the two electrons in the hydrogen molecule (H 2) can be thought of as “belonging” to ...

Since it has 1 more proton than electrons, sodium has a charge of +1, making it a positive ion. Chlorine gains an electron, leaving it with 17 protons and 18 electrons. Since it has 1 more electron ...

The photoelectric effect, first explained in 1905, transformed our understanding of how light interacts with matter. When ...

The cool part is, because electrons at this energy lose energy quickly, the team believes they must be coming from relatively ...

Researchers from RMIT University and CSIRO, Australia's national science agency, have unveiled a method to significantly ...

FLASHDEEP Design concept of a FLASH-VHEE (very high-energy electrons) radiotherapy system; for illustration purposes only, system under development. ... beams using energy levels of 100–150 MeV (for ...

Feeding energy into a material called a gain medium can have the effect of promoting the electrons in the medium to higher energy levels. Left to their own devices, electrons will often give up ...

Theoretical calculation of the energy levels of electrons in twisted layers of graphene in a magnetic field, showing the fractal “butterfly” pattern predicted by Douglas Hofstadter ...