Thus, pDCs seem to use a unique, although still enigmatic, mechanism to retain TLR-9-bound CpG-A in the endosomes to efficiently activate the MyD88–IRF-7 pathway and produce high levels of IFN.

Most Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are believed to act as homodimers, although heterodimers do exist. The Toll interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain adaptors, MyD88, MAL/TIRAP, TRAM, and TRIF, also ...

One scenario could be that Th-17 cells or TLR signaling negatively affect osteoclast differentiation. 10 Furthermore, therapeutic rescue from IRF-8 inhibition might represent a promising approach ...

Research has identified the first inter-species signaling pathway between an arthropod parasite and host, where molecules in the blood of a host animal triggers the immunity and development of a ...