The circuit in Figure 1 provides a low-cost, isolated ac-line monitor that measures ac-line-voltage level and has some other unique capabilities. The analysis of the circuit is straightforward: When ...

To solve 3-phase voltage notching problems, use a 3% impedance reactor. When silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs) are used in electrical controls, we frequently experience line voltage distortion in ...

The generated back-EMF opposes line voltage and can be measured across the start winding or across the coil of the potential relay at terminals 2 and 5. The back-EMF is usually a higher voltage than ...

Find the unbalance for each phase by figuring the difference between each phase voltage (step 1) and the average voltage (step 2). Make sure the subtraction comes out to be a positive number: Line 1 ...