S1 and S2 are normal heart sounds. Other heart sounds, such as S3 and S4, are abnormal. The heart has ... One standard test is an echocardiogram (echo), a noninvasive ultrasound of the heart ...
The goal of ECG interpretation in athletes is to classify the ECG as: (1) ‘normal’—no further evaluation needed or (2) ‘abnormal’—further evaluation needed. Normal ECGs include common, ...
The ECG findings presented as normal in athletes were established by an international ... 5–7 Accordingly, the ability to identify an abnormal ECG suggestive of underlying cardiac disease is based on ...