In the waters off Iwo Jima, a volcanic island in Japan’s Satsuma archipelago, the sea has a distinct green tint. It’s not ...

Yet, even in its lifeless stage, the planet was already ... chemical simulations to estimate how light filtered through Earth’s oceans during the Archean era, 4–2.5 billion years ago.

“I have spent my career observing and measuring bioluminescence in the ocean. I have seen some amazing light shows but I’ve never seen a milky sea. I really want to,” Widder said in an email.

Such strange light shows have been a known ... and often preparing (the rocket’s second stage) for deorbit and to return it into the ocean,” said Dr. Christopher Combs, associate dean for ...