This article investigates an oil-based shaft cooling system as applied to a 30 000 r/min automotive traction motor. First, iron and air friction losses are identified over a range of operating speeds.

The future of CNC automation isn’t just faster—it’s smarter. What began as a revolution in subtractive manufacturing has now evolved into a new paradigm driven by intelligence, adaptability, and speed ...

The direct current (dc) motor servo systems are widely used in vehicles. The parameters and disturbances of the servo systems are usually uncertain or unknown, which makes it difficult to achieve ...