The completed shell beneath it, an evenly distributed swarm of electrons, masks the last proton's attraction. That twenty-ninth electron is, thus, loosely attached and easily dislodged.

It's the unpaired s electron that makes copper such an excellent conductor. This effect, known as electromagnetic induction, is central to how we generate electricity today.

The copper target was operated at voltages of 11 kV, 12 kV, 13 kV, and 14 kV for the electron source, and a 50 kV configuration using a molybdenum target was used as a representative example for ...

Copper-containing proteins can be classified into types 1 and 2, depending on their functional or spectroscopic properties. Now, a protein that fits neither type has been built using a scaffold ...

To form cesium trifluoride (CsF 3), a cesium atom would share its single valence electron and two inner-shell electrons with three fluorine atoms. Four inner electrons would go into making cesium ...