Ever notice that the ESP32-S3 doesn’t have a digital-to-analog converter ... the PDM system to get the same result. PDM — pulse density modulation — is similar to PWM and, like PWM ...

You might wonder why [Kevin] wanted to build digital calipers when you can ... and measure the phase of the signal you receive. Pulse density modulation is sufficient for the driving signals.

Statistical properties of noise. Spectral analysis and design of AM, FM and pulse modulation systems, continuous and discrete. AM, FM, and various pulse modulation methods, in the presence of noise.