Every year, hailstorms cause billions in damage to homes, businesses, and crops, yet how these ice balls of destruction form ...

The weather gets a little wild and weird on Jupiter. How wild? Spacecraft instruments have measured strong winds, tracked ...

Chemical composition of ancient rocks Iron sulfide can only exist in rocks that were formed before there was oxygen in the atmosphere. Rocks containing iron oxide can only form if oxygen is present.

When Earth formed about 4.5 billion years ago, its atmosphere was nothing like it is today. At that time, the atmosphere and ...

Criegee intermediates (CIs)—highly reactive species formed when ozone reacts with alkenes in the atmosphere—play a crucial ...

Billions of years ago, Mars was warmer and wetter than today, perhaps because volcanoes belched enough carbon dioxide to ...

Urey (1893-1981) published an elaboration of Haldane's theory, suggesting that Earth had formed from a cold stellar dust cloud. Its early atmosphere was then roughly similar to that of the rest of ...