I believe that norms set in the Westphalian model, especially in the shape of sovereignty which are the defining features of the current international system, won’t help us resolve collective ...

The Westphalian system made room for diplomacy and coexistence where once there had only been crusades and coercion. It did not erase religious difference, but it acknowledged that violence could ...

As the line blurs between Wall Street and Westphalia, the enduring lesson of portfolio theory holds true: don’t bet everything on one outcome. ETFs allow for agile execution of geopolitical ...

The modern international system is characterized by a robust framework of international law, institutions, and norms, which did not exist in the pre-Westphalian era.

In post-Westphalia modern state system, there is sovereign equality of states, implying that each state is a fountain of authority over its own territorial affairs notwithstanding the discomfiture ...

A Westphalian system—or at least one guided by its principles—would allow strategic adjustments that reflect changing circumstances. It would permit the normalisation of relations after conflict, not ...

Moreover, the mandala system, unlike its Westphalian counterpart, allowed gaps where no ruler or even more than one ruler (“shared sovereignty”) was acknowledged.