Nevertheless, the Russian invasion of Ukraine and Israeli and American bombing of Iranian nuclear facilities also indicate a ...

I believe that norms set in the Westphalian model, especially in the shape of sovereignty which are the defining features of the current international system, won’t help us resolve collective ...

In the 19th-century Concert of Europe, the great powers – Britain, France, Austria, Prussia and Russia – collectively managed European politics, balancing power to maintain stability. Their influence ...

The Westphalian system made room for diplomacy and coexistence where once there had only been crusades and coercion. It did not erase religious difference, but it acknowledged that violence could ...

As the line blurs between Wall Street and Westphalia, the enduring lesson of portfolio theory holds true: don’t bet everything on one outcome. ETFs allow for agile execution of geopolitical ...

The unitary international political system inaugurated in Europe by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, and subsequently extended to the rest of the world, has been replaced by multiple systems ...

The modern international system is characterized by a robust framework of international law, institutions, and norms, which did not exist in the pre-Westphalian era.