ENSO is an intrinsic property of the ocean-atmosphere system, a natural variation in which the normal flow is intermittently and temporarily disturbed and extreme conditions arise.

High-impact oceanic-atmospheric environmental events, such as El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), tropical cyclones (TCs) and Kuroshio large meander (KLM), often ...

El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) are ocean-atmosphere climate interactions that were found to be disrupted for almost a decade before returning to pre-eruption ...

More information: Chuanyu Liu et al, Subsurface ocean turbulent mixing enhances central Pacific ENSO, Nature Communications (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-57058-4 Provided by Chinese Academy of ...

A negative IOD means that ocean temperatures in the east Indian Ocean, close to Australia, are warmer than normal, while ocean temperatures are cooler in the west, closer to Africa.

THE likelihood of a 2015 El Niño has firmed with this week's Bureau of Meteorology El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) update. ENSO indicators in the tropical Pacific are approaching El Niño ...

Since late May, the ocean has been in what we call a “negative Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) phase” – and it seems set to be one of the strongest such events in at least 15 years.

Australia's Bureau of Meteorology discusses oceanic indices, ENSO, IOD, and their impact on global weather patterns. Negative Indian Ocean Dipole has returned to neutral this month, Australia’s ...

The latest Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) index value is −0.69 °C for the week ending 10 November, ... (SSTs) in the central equatorial Pacific Ocean at ENSO-neutral levels, said BoM.