Air can enter water pipelines in several ways, often from dissolved air coming out of solution due to pressure fluctuations, ...

Introduction Valve disease is a major concern in patients having non-cardiac surgery. First, it is common (table 1) 1–4 particularly in the elderly who may also have other comorbidities. The adult ...

2. Case presentation The patient in question is a 57-year-old male who underwent mechanical aortic valve replacement and ascending aortoplasty surgery at our center three years ago due to severe ...