Introduction Valve disease is a major concern in patients having non-cardiac surgery. First, it is common (table 1) 1–4 particularly in the elderly who may also have other comorbidities. The adult ...

Heat exchanger is a key component in aircraft engine bleed air temperature regulation systems. The fouling of heat exchanger reduces the heat transfer efficiency and introduces additional resistance ...

2. Case presentation The patient in question is a 57-year-old male who underwent mechanical aortic valve replacement and ascending aortoplasty surgery at our center three years ago due to severe ...