We report an exceptional case of a large right persistent proatlantal artery (PPPA), defined as a “mixed” type, because it originated as in Type 2 from the external carotid artery and courses as in ...

The carotid–vertebrobasilar anastomoses mirror the primitive communications and include (from most to least common) the trigeminal, hypoglossal, proatlantal and otic arteries. The hypoglossal and ...

Vertebral Basilar Angiogram. (Left) lateral view; (Right) AP view. This study was performed by injecting contrast into the right vertebra artery, which is well opacified. There is also some retrograde ...

California dad Ian Applegate’s sneeze was so powerful it tore the artery that supplies blood to his brain. He is determined to recover before his wife gives birth to their second child.

Journal Reference: Jan K Ho, Graeme J Hankey. Endovascular therapy for ischaemic stroke due to vertebrobasilar artery occlusion. The Lancet, 2024; DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736 (24)02137-8 ...

Vertebrobasilar ischaemia happens for a myriad of reasons. Among the rarest is the existence of a foramen arcuale (FA). This condition results from the ossification of the lateral edge of the ...

Pull from below the foramen magnum is the result of spinal CSF leakage, a CSF–venous fistula, or a tethered cord. 23,24 Push from above the foramen magnum can result from hydrocephalus, subdural ...

When you have basilar invagination, the C2 vertebra pushes into C1 toward the opening in the skull. It can cause the opening or foramen magnum to close.

There is a small hole on each side of the cervical vertebrae, and through this hole passes the vertebral basilar artery. The bony cervical vertebrae protect this vital blood vessel. The cervical ...

Basilar Artery Stenosis: Cerebral angiogram of the left vertebral / basilar artery; (Left) AP view; Baseline film; (Right) Post-angioplasty film. Note the severe proximal basilar artery stenosis which ...

One-fifth of all ischemic strokes are due to vertebrobasilar ischemic stroke. Vertebral artery dissection (VAD) is a treatable cause of vertebrobasilar ischemic stroke. Dissection of vertebral ...